One of the main threats is infection with perch rhabdovirus (PRV family Rhabdoviridae, genus Perhabdovirus), leading to the central nervous system (CNS) signs of loss of equilibrium and aberrant swimming behavior and to higher mortality ( 2, 6– 10). During the 19th century, they were introduced into Australia as angling fish, where they are now considered invasive, competing with native fish for food and space, preying on other fish, and breeding to overpopulation ( 5).Īlthough little is known about diseases affecting European perch in the wild, infectious diseases lead to high mortality among these fish in aquaculture, making farming of these fish economically challenging. European perch are actinopterygiids that naturally inhabit slow-flowing rivers, lakes, or ponds in Europe and northern Asia. One example is the adaptation of European perch ( Perca fluviatilis order Perciformes, family Percidae) to farming and the growing consumer interest in this fish ( 4). Attempts are continually made to introduce new types of fish into aquaculture, to reduce overfishing of wild fish populations, and to satisfy the progressing consumer demand for diverse supply ( 3). Our findings shed new light on negative-sense RNA virus diversity and evolution.Īquaculture is the fastest growing sector in food production worldwide ( 1) innovative intensive production technologies, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), are becoming increasingly valuable for commercial fish production ( 2). Our data add to the hypothesis that filoviruses, hantaviruses, and rhabdoviruses are globally distributed common fish commensals, pathogens, or both. Rhabdovirus titers in organ samples were low, but virus could be isolated on cell culture. Hantavirus titers were high, and we demonstrated virus in macrophages and gill endothelial cells by using in situ hybridization. Unexpectedly, in clinically diseased fish we detected novel freshwater fish filoviruses, a novel freshwater fish hantavirus, and a previously unknown rhabdovirus. To address these concerns, we applied metatranscriptomics to identify disease-associated viruses in European perch farmed in Switzerland. Viral infections of European perch remain largely unexplored, thereby putting farm populations at incalculable risk for devastating fish epizootics and presenting a potential hazard to consumers. An event-driven simulation model is implemented to study the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in providing and protecting QoS.European perch ( Perca fluviatilis) are increasingly farmed as a human food source. Appropriate bandwidth allocation algorithms are presented as well. The first stage enables the ONU to perform flow admission locally according to the bandwidth availability, and the second stage allows for global AC at the optical line terminal.

In this paper, we propose the first framework for per-stream QoS protection in EPONs using a two-stage admission control (AC) system. However, none of these protocols and schedulers can guarantee bandwidth for each class of service nor can they protect the QoS level required by admitted real-time traffic streams. Various dynamic bandwidth allocation and intra optical network unit (ONU) scheduling algorithms have been proposed to enable EPONs to deliver differentiated services for traffic with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are designed to deliver services for numerous applications such as voice over Internet protocol, standard and high-definition video, video conferencing (interactive video), and data traffic.

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